🇮🇳IND
India
South Asia
Resource estimates and comparisons are evidence layers. For Nigeria, the primary experience is what the resources mean for people, communities, work, and accountability.
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South Asia
Resource estimates and comparisons are evidence layers. For Nigeria, the primary experience is what the resources mean for people, communities, work, and accountability.
Loading country data…
Export India's resource data as JSON
Country
India
Resources
12
Schema Version
v1.0.0
Exported
11/4/2026
{
"schema_version": "v1.0.0",
"exported_at": "2026-11-04T00:08:01.328Z",
"country": {
"name": "India",
"iso2": "IN",
"iso3": "IND",
"region": "South Asia",
"as_of": "2025-12-30",
"base_currency": "INR",
"defaults": {
"recovery_factor": 0.7,
"government_take": 0.3,
"discount_rate": 0.1,
"time_horizon_years": 20
}
},
"resources": [
{
"id": "in-coal",
"name": "Coal",
"category": "energy",
"type": "coal",
"strategic": true,
"notes": "India has 5th largest coal reserves globally. Primary energy source. Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh major producers. Coal India Limited dominant.",
"occurrences": [
{
"id": "in-jharkhand-coal",
"name": "Jharkhand-Odisha Coal Belt",
"admin_areas": [
"Jharkhand",
"Odisha",
"Chhattisgarh",
"West Bengal"
],
"location": {
"lat": 23.5,
"lon": 85
},
"dev_status": "producing",
"export_ready": false,
"infrastructure_notes": "Coal India subsidiaries. Rail network to power plants. Expansion underway.",
"risk": {
"security": 2,
"regulatory": 2,
"environmental": 4,
"notes": "Major pollution source. Naxalite activity in some areas. Labor issues."
},
"reserve_estimates": [
{
"quality": "proved",
"quantity": {
"value": 160000000000,
"unit": "tonne",
"basis": "in-place"
},
"as_of": "2025-01-01",
"confidence": 0.85,
"notes": "India 5th largest coal reserves. Production ~900Mt annually.",
"sources": [
{
"title": "Indian Coal Resources",
"publisher": "Geological Survey of India",
"year": 2025,
"type": "gov_report"
}
],
"valuation_scenarios": [
{
"scenario_id": "base",
"price": {
"value": 80,
"unit": "USD/tonne",
"currency": "USD"
},
"recovery_factor": 0.7,
"government_take": 0.3,
"computed": {
"gross_value": 8960000000000,
"state_value": 2688000000000
}
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "in-iron-ore",
"name": "Iron Ore",
"category": "metal",
"type": "iron_ore",
"strategic": true,
"notes": "Major iron ore producer. Odisha, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Goa primary states. Exports restricted to support domestic steel.",
"occurrences": [
{
"id": "in-odisha-iron",
"name": "Odisha-Jharkhand Iron Belt",
"admin_areas": [
"Odisha",
"Jharkhand",
"Chhattisgarh",
"Karnataka"
],
"location": {
"lat": 22,
"lon": 85.5
},
"grade": {
"value": 62,
"unit": "%Fe",
"notes": null
},
"dev_status": "producing",
"export_ready": true,
"infrastructure_notes": "Rail to ports. Integrated steel plants nearby.",
"risk": {
"security": 2,
"regulatory": 3,
"environmental": 3,
"notes": "Mining lease issues. Export restrictions. Environmental clearances."
},
"reserve_estimates": [
{
"quality": "proved",
"quantity": {
"value": 9000000000,
"unit": "tonne",
"basis": "recoverable"
},
"as_of": "2025-01-01",
"confidence": 0.85,
"notes": "India has ~5% of global iron ore reserves.",
"sources": [
{
"title": "Iron Ore Resources",
"publisher": "Indian Bureau of Mines",
"year": 2025,
"type": "gov_report"
}
],
"valuation_scenarios": [
{
"scenario_id": "base",
"price": {
"value": 100,
"unit": "USD/tonne",
"currency": "USD"
},
"recovery_factor": 0.8,
"government_take": 0.35,
"computed": {
"gross_value": 900000000000,
"state_value": 315000000000
}
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "in-bauxite",
"name": "Bauxite",
"category": "metal",
"type": "bauxite",
"strategic": true,
"notes": "Large bauxite reserves. Odisha has largest deposits. Vedanta, Hindalco major alumina producers.",
"occurrences": [
{
"id": "in-odisha-bauxite",
"name": "East Coast Bauxite",
"admin_areas": [
"Odisha",
"Andhra Pradesh",
"Jharkhand",
"Gujarat"
],
"location": {
"lat": 19,
"lon": 83
},
"grade": {
"value": 45,
"unit": "%Al2O3",
"notes": null
},
"dev_status": "producing",
"export_ready": false,
"infrastructure_notes": "Alumina refineries at Lanjigarh, Damanjodi. NALCO operations.",
"risk": {
"security": 2,
"regulatory": 3,
"environmental": 4,
"notes": "Tribal land issues. Niyamgiri controversy. Environmental activism."
},
"reserve_estimates": [
{
"quality": "proved",
"quantity": {
"value": 900000000,
"unit": "tonne",
"basis": "recoverable"
},
"as_of": "2025-01-01",
"confidence": 0.8,
"notes": "India has ~5th largest bauxite reserves globally.",
"sources": [
{
"title": "Bauxite Resources",
"publisher": "Indian Bureau of Mines",
"year": 2025,
"type": "gov_report"
}
],
"valuation_scenarios": [
{
"scenario_id": "base",
"price": {
"value": 50,
"unit": "USD/tonne",
"currency": "USD"
},
"recovery_factor": 0.75,
"government_take": 0.25,
"computed": {
"gross_value": 45000000000,
"state_value": 11250000000
}
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "in-manganese",
"name": "Manganese",
"category": "metal",
"type": "manganese",
"strategic": true,
"notes": "Major manganese producer. Essential for steel industry. Odisha and Maharashtra primary states.",
"occurrences": [
{
"id": "in-indian-manganese",
"name": "Central India Manganese Belt",
"admin_areas": [
"Odisha",
"Maharashtra",
"Madhya Pradesh",
"Karnataka"
],
"location": {
"lat": 21,
"lon": 80
},
"grade": {
"value": 40,
"unit": "%Mn",
"notes": null
},
"dev_status": "producing",
"export_ready": true,
"infrastructure_notes": null,
"risk": {
"security": 2,
"regulatory": 2,
"environmental": 2,
"notes": null
},
"reserve_estimates": [
{
"quality": "proved",
"quantity": {
"value": 150000000,
"unit": "tonne",
"basis": "recoverable"
},
"as_of": "2025-01-01",
"confidence": 0.8,
"notes": null,
"sources": [
{
"title": "Manganese Resources",
"publisher": "Indian Bureau of Mines",
"year": 2025,
"type": "gov_report"
}
],
"valuation_scenarios": [
{
"scenario_id": "base",
"price": {
"value": 300,
"unit": "USD/tonne",
"currency": "USD"
},
"recovery_factor": 0.8,
"government_take": 0.25,
"computed": {
"gross_value": 45000000000,
"state_value": 11250000000
}
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "in-chromite",
"name": "Chromite",
"category": "metal",
"type": "chromite",
"strategic": true,
"notes": "Major chromite reserves. Odisha Sukinda Valley has 97% of India's deposits. Ferrochrome production.",
"occurrences": [
{
"id": "in-sukinda-chromite",
"name": "Sukinda Valley Chromite",
"admin_areas": [
"Odisha"
],
"location": {
"lat": 21.1,
"lon": 85.9
},
"grade": {
"value": 48,
"unit": "%Cr2O3",
"notes": null
},
"dev_status": "producing",
"export_ready": true,
"infrastructure_notes": "TATA Steel, IMFA operations. Ferrochrome plants.",
"risk": {
"security": 1,
"regulatory": 2,
"environmental": 4,
"notes": "Hexavalent chromium pollution. Health issues in area. Environmental litigation."
},
"reserve_estimates": [
{
"quality": "proved",
"quantity": {
"value": 200000000,
"unit": "tonne",
"basis": "recoverable"
},
"as_of": "2025-01-01",
"confidence": 0.85,
"notes": "India has ~5% of global chromite reserves.",
"sources": [
{
"title": "Chromite Resources",
"publisher": "Indian Bureau of Mines",
"year": 2025,
"type": "gov_report"
}
],
"valuation_scenarios": [
{
"scenario_id": "base",
"price": {
"value": 250,
"unit": "USD/tonne",
"currency": "USD"
},
"recovery_factor": 0.8,
"government_take": 0.25,
"computed": {
"gross_value": 50000000000,
"state_value": 12500000000
}
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "in-limestone",
"name": "Limestone",
"category": "industrial_mineral",
"type": "limestone",
"strategic": false,
"notes": "Abundant limestone. 2nd largest cement producer globally. Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh major states.",
"occurrences": [
{
"id": "in-indian-limestone",
"name": "Indian Limestone Deposits",
"admin_areas": [
"Rajasthan",
"Madhya Pradesh",
"Andhra Pradesh",
"Gujarat"
],
"dev_status": "producing",
"export_ready": true,
"infrastructure_notes": null,
"risk": {
"security": 1,
"regulatory": 1,
"environmental": 2,
"notes": null
},
"reserve_estimates": [
{
"quality": "proved",
"quantity": {
"value": 75000000000,
"unit": "tonne",
"basis": "in-place"
},
"as_of": "2025-01-01",
"confidence": 0.85,
"notes": null,
"sources": [
{
"title": "Limestone Resources",
"publisher": "Indian Bureau of Mines",
"year": 2025,
"type": "gov_report"
}
],
"valuation_scenarios": [
{
"scenario_id": "base",
"price": {
"value": 10,
"unit": "USD/tonne",
"currency": "USD"
},
"recovery_factor": 0.9,
"government_take": 0.1,
"computed": {
"gross_value": 675000000000,
"state_value": 67500000000
}
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "in-rare-earth-elements",
"name": "Rare Earth Elements",
"category": "metal",
"type": "rare_earth",
"strategic": true,
"notes": "India has 6% of global REE reserves. Beach sand monazite in Kerala, Tamil Nadu. IREL (Indian Rare Earths Limited) operations.",
"occurrences": [
{
"id": "in-kerala-ree",
"name": "Kerala-Tamil Nadu Beach Sands",
"admin_areas": [
"Kerala",
"Tamil Nadu",
"Odisha"
],
"location": {
"lat": 8.5,
"lon": 76.9
},
"dev_status": "producing",
"export_ready": false,
"infrastructure_notes": "IREL operations. Monazite processing. Export restricted.",
"risk": {
"security": 1,
"regulatory": 3,
"environmental": 2,
"notes": "Thorium content - atomic energy restrictions. State control."
},
"reserve_estimates": [
{
"quality": "proved",
"quantity": {
"value": 7000000,
"unit": "tonne",
"basis": "recoverable"
},
"as_of": "2025-01-01",
"confidence": 0.75,
"notes": "REO content. India has 6th largest REE reserves.",
"sources": [
{
"title": "Rare Earth Resources",
"publisher": "Atomic Minerals Directorate",
"year": 2025,
"type": "gov_report"
}
],
"valuation_scenarios": [
{
"scenario_id": "base",
"price": {
"value": 50000,
"unit": "USD/tonne",
"currency": "USD"
},
"recovery_factor": 0.7,
"government_take": 0.35,
"computed": {
"gross_value": 350000000000,
"state_value": 122500000000
}
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "in-natural-gas",
"name": "Natural Gas",
"category": "energy",
"type": "natural_gas",
"strategic": true,
"notes": "Limited domestic production. Major LNG importer. Krishna-Godavari Basin, Mumbai High. Reliance, ONGC major producers.",
"occurrences": [
{
"id": "in-kg-basin-gas",
"name": "Krishna-Godavari Basin",
"admin_areas": [
"Andhra Pradesh",
"Gujarat",
"Maharashtra"
],
"location": {
"lat": 16.5,
"lon": 82
},
"dev_status": "producing",
"export_ready": false,
"infrastructure_notes": "Offshore and onshore fields. LNG import terminals.",
"risk": {
"security": 1,
"regulatory": 3,
"environmental": 2,
"notes": "Pricing disputes. Production declining. Import dependence increasing."
},
"reserve_estimates": [
{
"quality": "proved",
"quantity": {
"value": 42000,
"unit": "bcf",
"basis": "recoverable"
},
"as_of": "2025-01-01",
"confidence": 0.75,
"notes": "Domestic production meets ~50% of demand. Heavy LNG imports.",
"sources": [
{
"title": "Petroleum Resources",
"publisher": "DGH",
"year": 2025,
"type": "gov_report"
}
],
"valuation_scenarios": [
{
"scenario_id": "base",
"price": {
"value": 8000000,
"unit": "USD/bcf",
"currency": "USD"
},
"recovery_factor": 0.8,
"government_take": 0.4,
"computed": {
"gross_value": 336000000000,
"state_value": 134400000000
}
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "in-crude-oil",
"name": "Crude Oil",
"category": "energy",
"type": "conventional_oil",
"strategic": true,
"notes": "Limited reserves. 85% import dependent. Mumbai High, Rajasthan major producing areas. ONGC, Cairn major operators.",
"occurrences": [
{
"id": "in-mumbai-high",
"name": "Mumbai High and Rajasthan Basin",
"admin_areas": [
"Maharashtra",
"Rajasthan",
"Gujarat",
"Assam"
],
"location": {
"lat": 19.4,
"lon": 71.4
},
"dev_status": "producing",
"export_ready": false,
"infrastructure_notes": "Offshore Mumbai High. Onshore Rajasthan. Major refineries.",
"risk": {
"security": 1,
"regulatory": 3,
"environmental": 2,
"notes": null
},
"reserve_estimates": [
{
"quality": "proved",
"quantity": {
"value": 4500000000,
"unit": "bbl",
"basis": "recoverable"
},
"as_of": "2025-01-01",
"confidence": 0.8,
"notes": "India produces ~700k bpd vs ~5M bpd consumption.",
"sources": [
{
"title": "Petroleum Reserves",
"publisher": "DGH",
"year": 2025,
"type": "gov_report"
}
],
"valuation_scenarios": [
{
"scenario_id": "base",
"price": {
"value": 80,
"unit": "USD/bbl",
"currency": "USD"
},
"recovery_factor": 0.8,
"government_take": 0.4,
"computed": {
"gross_value": 360000000000,
"state_value": 144000000000
}
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "in-thorium",
"name": "Thorium",
"category": "energy",
"type": "thorium",
"strategic": true,
"notes": "India has largest thorium reserves globally. Beach sand monazite. Key for India's three-stage nuclear program.",
"occurrences": [
{
"id": "in-indian-thorium",
"name": "Indian Beach Sand Thorium",
"admin_areas": [
"Kerala",
"Tamil Nadu",
"Odisha",
"Andhra Pradesh"
],
"dev_status": "producing",
"export_ready": false,
"infrastructure_notes": "IREL mining. DAE processing. Strategic reserve.",
"risk": {
"security": 1,
"regulatory": 4,
"environmental": 2,
"notes": "Atomic energy sector - strict government control. No exports."
},
"reserve_estimates": [
{
"quality": "proved",
"quantity": {
"value": 1000000,
"unit": "tonne",
"basis": "recoverable"
},
"as_of": "2025-01-01",
"confidence": 0.85,
"notes": "India has ~25% of global thorium reserves. Strategic for nuclear program.",
"sources": [
{
"title": "Thorium Resources",
"publisher": "Atomic Minerals Directorate",
"year": 2025,
"type": "gov_report"
}
],
"valuation_scenarios": [
{
"scenario_id": "base",
"price": {
"value": 500000,
"unit": "USD/tonne",
"currency": "USD"
},
"recovery_factor": 0.75,
"government_take": 0.5,
"computed": {
"gross_value": 500000000000,
"state_value": 250000000000
}
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "in-arable-land",
"name": "Arable Land",
"category": "agriculture",
"type": "farmland",
"strategic": true,
"notes": "2nd largest arable land after US. Rice, wheat, cotton, sugarcane major crops. Supports 60% of population.",
"occurrences": [
{
"id": "in-indian-farmland",
"name": "Indian Agricultural Land",
"admin_areas": [
"Uttar Pradesh",
"Punjab",
"Maharashtra",
"Madhya Pradesh",
"Rajasthan"
],
"dev_status": "producing",
"export_ready": true,
"infrastructure_notes": null,
"risk": {
"security": 1,
"regulatory": 2,
"environmental": 3,
"notes": "Groundwater depletion. Monsoon dependence. Farm fragmentation."
},
"reserve_estimates": [
{
"quality": "measured",
"quantity": {
"value": 160000000,
"unit": "hectare",
"basis": "total_farmland"
},
"as_of": "2024-12-31",
"confidence": 0.95,
"notes": "160M ha net sown area. 2nd largest globally. Supports 1.4B people.",
"sources": [
{
"title": "Agricultural Statistics",
"publisher": "Ministry of Agriculture",
"year": 2024,
"type": "gov_report"
}
],
"valuation_scenarios": []
}
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "in-freshwater",
"name": "Freshwater Resources",
"category": "water",
"type": "freshwater",
"strategic": true,
"notes": "Major rivers: Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus tributaries. Groundwater critical but over-exploited. Water stress increasing.",
"occurrences": [
{
"id": "in-indian-freshwater",
"name": "Indian Freshwater Systems",
"admin_areas": [
"Uttar Pradesh",
"Bihar",
"West Bengal",
"Punjab",
"Haryana"
],
"dev_status": "producing",
"export_ready": false,
"infrastructure_notes": null,
"risk": {
"security": 1,
"regulatory": 2,
"environmental": 4,
"notes": "Severe groundwater depletion. Pollution. Interstate water disputes. Monsoon variability."
},
"reserve_estimates": [
{
"quality": "measured",
"quantity": {
"value": 1911,
"unit": "km3",
"basis": "renewable"
},
"as_of": "2024-12-31",
"confidence": 0.75,
"notes": "Annual renewable freshwater. Per capita availability declining rapidly.",
"sources": [
{
"title": "Water Resources Report",
"publisher": "Central Water Commission",
"year": 2024,
"type": "gov_report"
}
],
"valuation_scenarios": []
}
]
}
]
}
]
}